Python如何通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映的电影信息

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前言

声明一下：本文主要是研究使用，没有别的用途。

GitHub仓库地址：github项目仓库

页面分析

主要爬取页面为:https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/

至于后面的地区，可以按照自己的需要改一下，不过多赘述了。页面需要点击一下展开全部影片，才能显示全部内容，不然只有15部。所以我们使用selenium的时候，需要加一个打开页面后的点击逻辑。页面图如下：

通过F12展开的源码，用xpath helper工具验证一下右键复制下来的xpath路径。

为了避免布局调整导致找不到，我把xpath改为通过class名获取。

然后看看每个影片的信息。

分析一下，是不是可以通过nowplaying的div，作为根节点，然后获取下面class为list-item的节点，里面的属性就是我们要的内容。

没什么问题，那么就按照这个思路开始创建项目编码吧。

实现过程

创建项目

创建一个较douban_playing的项目，使用scrapy命令。

scrapy startproject douban_playing

Item定义

定义电影信息实体。

# Define here the models for your scraped items## See documentation in:# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy  class DoubanPlayingItem(scrapy.Item):    # define the fields for your item here like:    # name = scrapy.Field()    # 电影名    title = scrapy.Field()    # 电影分数    score = scrapy.Field()    # 电影发行年份    release = scrapy.Field()    # 电影时长    duration = scrapy.Field()    # 地区    region = scrapy.Field()    # 电影导演    director = scrapy.Field()    # 电影主演    actors = scrapy.Field()

中间件操作定义

主要是点击展开全部影片，需要加一段代码。

# Define here the models for your spider middleware## See documentation in:# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.htmlimport time from scrapy import signals # useful for handling different item types with a single interfacefrom itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapterfrom scrapy.http import HtmlResponsefrom selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException  class DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware:    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,    # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the    # passed objects.     @classmethod    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.        s = cls()        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)        return s     def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):        # Called for each response that goes through the spider        # middleware and into the spider.         # Should return None or raise an exception.        return None     def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):        # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after        # it has processed the response.         # Must return an iterable of Request, or item objects.        for i in result:            yield i     def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):        # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method        # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.         # Should return either None or an iterable of Request or item objects.        pass     def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):        # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works        # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except        # that it doesn't have a response associated.         # Must return only requests (not items).        for r in start_requests:            yield r     def spider_opened(self, spider):        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)  class DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware:    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the    # passed objects.     @classmethod    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.        s = cls()        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)        return s     def process_request(self, request, spider):        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader        # middleware.         # Must either:        # - return None: continue processing this request        # - or return a Response object        # - or return a Request object        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of        #   installed downloader middleware will be called        # return None        try:            spider.browser.get(request.url)            spider.browser.maximize_window()            time.sleep(2)            spider.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='more']").click()            # ActionChains(spider.browser).click(searchButtonElement)            time.sleep(5)            return HtmlResponse(url=spider.browser.current_url, body=spider.browser.page_source,                                encoding="utf-8", request=request)        except TimeoutException as e:            print('超时异常:{}'.format(e))            spider.browser.execute_script('window.stop()')        finally:            spider.browser.close()     def process_response(self, request, response, spider):        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.         # Must either;        # - return a Response object        # - return a Request object        # - or raise IgnoreRequest        return response     def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.         # Must either:        # - return None: continue processing this exception        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain        pass     def spider_opened(self, spider):        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

爬虫定义

按照属性名，我们取出所有的影片信息。注意取出属性的写法。

#!/user/bin/env python# coding=utf-8"""@project : douban_playing@author  : huyi@file   : douban_playing.py@ide    : PyCharm@time   : 2021-11-10 16:31:23""" import scrapyfrom selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options from douban_playing.items import DoubanPlayingItem  class DoubanPlayingSpider(scrapy.Spider):    name = 'dbp'    # allowed_domains = ['blog.csdn.net']    start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/']    nowplaying = "//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='mod-bd']//*[@class='list-item']/@{}"    properties = ['data-title', 'data-score', 'data-release', 'data-duration', 'data-region', 'data-director',                  'data-actors']     def __init__(self):        chrome_options = Options()        chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')  # 使用无头谷歌浏览器模式        chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')        chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')        self.browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options,                                        executable_path="E:\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe")        self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(30)     def parse(self, response, **kwargs):        titles = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[0])).extract()        scores = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[1])).extract()        releases = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[2])).extract()        durations = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[3])).extract()        regions = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[4])).extract()        directors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[5])).extract()        actors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[6])).extract()        for x in range(len(titles)):            item = DoubanPlayingItem()            item['title'] = titles[x]            item['score'] = scores[x]            item['release'] = releases[x]            item['duration'] = durations[x]            item['region'] = regions[x]            item['director'] = directors[x]            item['actors'] = actors[x]            yield item

数据管道定义

还是老样子，把取出的电影数据按照格式输出在文本中。

# Define your item pipelines here## Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html  # useful for handling different item types with a single interfacefrom itemadapter import ItemAdapter  class DoubanPlayingPipeline:    def __init__(self):        self.file = open('result.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')     def process_item(self, item, spider):        self.file.write(            "电影:{}\t分数:{}\t发行年份:{}\t电影时长:{}\t地区:{}\t电影导演:{}\t电影主演:{}\n".format(                item['title'],                item['score'],                item['release'],                item['duration'],                item['region'],                item['director'],                item['actors']))        return item     def close_spider(self, spider):        self.file.close()

配置设置

都是一些常规的，放开几个默认配置就行。

# Scrapy settings for douban_playing project## For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:##     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'douban_playing' SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban_playing.spiders']NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban_playing.spiders'  # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent#USER_AGENT = 'douban_playing (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0' # Obey robots.txt rulesROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay# See also autothrottle settings and docs#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3# The download delay setting will honor only one of:#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)COOKIES_ENABLED = False # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers:DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',    'Accept-Language': 'en',    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/27.0.1453.94 Safari/537.36'} # Enable or disable spider middlewares# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.htmlSPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {   'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware': 543,} # Enable or disable downloader middlewares# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.htmlDOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {   'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware': 543,} # Enable or disable extensions# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html#EXTENSIONS = {#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,#} # Configure item pipelines# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.htmlITEM_PIPELINES = {   'douban_playing.pipelines.DoubanPlayingPipeline': 300,} # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True# The initial download delay#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to# each remote server#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

执行验证

还是老样子，不直接使用scrapy命令，构造一个py执行cmd。注意该py的位置。

看一下执行后的结果。

完美！

以上就是Python如何通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映的电影信息，小编相信有部分知识点可能是我们日常工作会见到或用到的。希望你能通过这篇文章学到更多知识。更多详情敬请关注行业资讯频道。