.NET6中哈希算法怎么用

这篇文章主要介绍.NET6中哈希算法怎么用，文中介绍的非常详细，具有一定的参考价值，感兴趣的小伙伴们一定要看完！

Intro

微软在 .NET 6 中引入一些更简单的 API 来使用 HMAC 哈希算法(MD5/SHA1/SHA256/SHA384/SHA512)

微软的叫法叫做 HMAC One-Shoot method, HMAC 算法在普通的哈希算法基础上增加了一个 key，通过 key 提升了安全性，能够有效避免密码泄露被彩虹表反推出真实密码， JWT(Json Web Token) 除了可以使用 RSA 方式外也支持使用 HMAC 。

New API

新增的 API 定义如下：

namespace System.Security.Cryptography {     public partial class HMACMD5 {         public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);         public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source);         public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination);         public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination, out int bytesWritten);     }      public partial class HMACSHA1 {         public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);         public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source);         public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination);         public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination, out int bytesWritten);     }      public partial class HMACSHA256 {         public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);         public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source);         public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination);         public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination, out int bytesWritten);     }      public partial class HMACSHA384 {         public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);         public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source);         public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination);         public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination, out int bytesWritten);     }      public partial class HMACSHA512 {         public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);         public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source);         public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination);         public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan key, ReadOnlySpan source, Span destination, out int bytesWritten);     } }

Sample Before

在之前的版本中想要实现计算 HMAC 算法会比较复杂，之前实现了一个 HashHelper 来封装了常用的 Hash 算法和 HMAC 算法，HashHelper 部分代码如下，完整代码可以从 Github 获取：https://github.com/WeihanLi/WeihanLi.Common/blob/dev/src/WeihanLi.Common/Helpers/HashHelper.cs

/// 
 /// 获取哈希之后的字符串 /// 
 /// 哈希类型 /// 源 /// key /// 是否是小写 /// 哈希算法处理之后的字符串 public static string GetHashedString(HashType type, byte[] source, byte[]? key, bool isLower = false) {     Guard.NotNull(source, nameof(source));     if (source.Length == 0)     {         return string.Empty;     }     var hashedBytes = GetHashedBytes(type, source, key);     var sbText = new StringBuilder();     if (isLower)     {         foreach (var b in hashedBytes)         {             sbText.Append(b.ToString("x2"));         }     }     else     {         foreach (var b in hashedBytes)         {             sbText.Append(b.ToString("X2"));         }     }     return sbText.ToString(); }  /// 
 /// 计算字符串Hash值 /// 
 /// hash类型 /// 要hash的字符串 /// hash过的字节数组 public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, string str) => GetHashedBytes(type, str, Encoding.UTF8);  /// 
 /// 计算字符串Hash值 /// 
 /// hash类型 /// 要hash的字符串 /// 编码类型 /// hash过的字节数组 public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, string str, Encoding encoding) {     Guard.NotNull(str, nameof(str));     if (str == string.Empty)     {         return Array.Empty();     }     var bytes = encoding.GetBytes(str);     return GetHashedBytes(type, bytes); }  /// 
 /// 获取Hash后的字节数组 /// 
 /// 哈希类型 /// 原字节数组 ///  public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, byte[] bytes) => GetHashedBytes(type, bytes, null);  /// 
 /// 获取Hash后的字节数组 /// 
 /// 哈希类型 /// key /// 原字节数组 ///  public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, byte[] bytes, byte[]? key) {     Guard.NotNull(bytes, nameof(bytes));     if (bytes.Length == 0)     {         return bytes;     }      HashAlgorithm algorithm = null!;     try     {         if (key == null)         {             algorithm = type switch             {                     HashType.SHA1 => new SHA1Managed(),                     HashType.SHA256 => new SHA256Managed(),                     HashType.SHA384 => new SHA384Managed(),                     HashType.SHA512 => new SHA512Managed(),                     _ => MD5.Create()             };         }         else         {             algorithm = type switch             {                     HashType.SHA1 => new HMACSHA1(key),                     HashType.SHA256 => new HMACSHA256(key),                     HashType.SHA384 => new HMACSHA384(key),                     HashType.SHA512 => new HMACSHA512(key),                     _ => new HMACMD5(key)             };         }         return algorithm.ComputeHash(bytes);     }     finally     {         algorithm.Dispose();     } }

使用示例如下：

HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test"); HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes()); HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test", "testKey"); HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes(), "testKey".GetBytes());  HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.MD5, "test"); HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.SHA1, "test".GetBytes()); HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.SHA256, "test", "testKey"); HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes(), "testKey".GetBytes());

New API Sample

有了新的 API 以后可以怎么简化呢，来看下面的示例：

var bytes = "test".GetBytes(); var keyBytes = "test-key".GetBytes();  // HMACMD5 var hmd5V1 = HMACMD5.HashData(keyBytes, bytes); var hmd5V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, bytes, keyBytes); Console.WriteLine(hmd5V2.SequenceEqual(hmd5V1));  // HMACSHA1 var hsha1V1 = HMACSHA1.HashData(keyBytes, bytes); var hsha1V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA1, bytes, keyBytes); Console.WriteLine(hsha1V2.SequenceEqual(hsha1V1));  // HMACSHA256 var hsha256V1 = HMACSHA256.HashData(keyBytes, bytes); var hsha256V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA256, bytes, keyBytes); Console.WriteLine(hsha256V2.SequenceEqual(hsha256V1));  // HMACSHA384 var hsha384V1 = HMACSHA384.HashData(keyBytes ,bytes); var hsha384V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA384, bytes, keyBytes); Console.WriteLine(hsha384V2.SequenceEqual(hsha384V1));  // HMACSHA512 var hsha512V1 = HMACSHA512.HashData(keyBytes ,bytes); var hsha512V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA512, bytes, keyBytes); Console.WriteLine(hsha512V2.SequenceEqual(hsha512V1));

直接使用对应的 HMAC 哈希算法的 HashData 方法即可，传入对应的 key 和 原始内容就可以了，上面是和我们 HashHelper 封装的方法进行对比，看结果是否一致，都是一致的，输出结果如下：

More

对于普通的哈希算法，微软其实在 .NET 5 就已经支持了上面的用法，可以尝试一下下面的代码：

var bytes = "test".GetBytes();  // MD5 var md5V1 = MD5.HashData(bytes); var md5V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, bytes); Console.WriteLine(md5V2.SequenceEqual(md5V1));  // SHA1 var sha1V1 = SHA1.HashData(bytes); var sha1V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA1, bytes); Console.WriteLine(sha1V2.SequenceEqual(sha1V1));  // SHA256 var sha256V1 = SHA256.HashData(bytes); var sha256V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA256, bytes); Console.WriteLine(sha256V2.SequenceEqual(sha256V1));  // SHA384 var sha384V1 = SHA384.HashData(bytes); var sha384V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA384, bytes); Console.WriteLine(sha384V2.SequenceEqual(sha384V1));  // SHA512 var sha512V1 = SHA512.HashData(bytes); var sha512V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA512, bytes); Console.WriteLine(sha512V2.SequenceEqual(sha512V1));

很多时候我们可能都会要使用 MD5 或者 SHA1 之后的字符串，不知道为什么微软没有直接获取一个字符串的方法，如果有这样一个方法，就会更方便了，相比之后，感觉还是自己封装的 HashHelper 使用起来更舒服一些，哈哈，这样的静态方法不够抽象如果要动态替换哈希算法代码可能就有点...

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