怎么使用Cobbler快速安装系统

Cobbler 可以用来快速建立 Linux 网络安装环境，它已将 Linux 网络安装的技术门槛，从大专以上文化水平，成功降低到初中以下，连补鞋匠都能学会。

环境：

CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 VMware Workstation Pro 14

定制系统安装的软件包

查看默认的 ks 文件

[root@Jaking ~]# cobbler reportdistros:==========Name                           : CentOS-7.6-x86_64Architecture                   : x86_64TFTP Boot Files                : {}Breed                          : redhatComment                        :Fetchable Files                : {}Initrd                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.imgKernel                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuzKernel Options                 : {}Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}Kickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.6-x86_64'}Management Classes             : []OS Version                     : rhel6Owners                         : ['admin']Red Hat Management Key         : Red Hat Management Server      : Template Files                 : {}profiles:==========Name                           : CentOS-7.6-x86_64TFTP Boot Files                : {}Comment                        :DHCP Tag                       : defaultDistribution                   : CentOS-7.6-x86_64Enable gPXE?                   : 0Enable PXE Menu?               : 1Fetchable Files                : {}Kernel Options                 : {}Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ksKickstart Metadata             : {}Management Classes             : []Management Parameters          : Name Servers                   : []Name Servers Search Path       : []Owners                         : ['admin']Parent Profile                 :Internal proxy                 :Red Hat Management Key         : Red Hat Management Server      : Repos                          : []Server Override                : Template Files                 : {}Virt Auto Boot                 : 1Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0Virt CPUs                      : 1Virt Disk Driver Type          : rawVirt File Size(GB)             : 5Virt Path                      :Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512Virt Type                      : kvm

注： distros 是发行版本，即光盘镜像信息。 profiles 指的是 ks 应答文件。 systems 是指通 Cobbler 安装好的物理机名称。

[root@Jaking ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/[root@Jaking kickstarts]# lsdefault.ks        legacy.ks            sample_esx4.ks   sample.ksesxi4-ks.cfg      pxerescue.ks         sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seedesxi5-ks.cfg      sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seedinstall_profiles  sample_end.ks        sample_esxi6.ks  sample.seed.28

可以看到有很多默认的配置文件。

上传 CentOS7.ks 到 Cobbler 服务器上。CentOS7.ks 这个配置文件里面安装了开发工具相关软件包。

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# rz[root@Jaking kickstarts]# lsCentOS7.ks    install_profiles     sample_end.ks    sample_esxi6.ks  sample.seed.28default.ks    legacy.ks            sample_esx4.ks   sample.ksesxi4-ks.cfg  pxerescue.ks         sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seedesxi5-ks.cfg  sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cat CentOS7.ks# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7 by clsninstallurl --url=$treetextlang en_US.UTF-8keyboard uszerombrbootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"#Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6 --hostname=CentOS7timezone --utc Asia/Shanghaiauthconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512rootpw  --iscrypted $default_password_cryptedclearpart --all --initlabelpart /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024part swap --size 1024part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --growfirstboot --disableselinux --disabledfirewall --disabledlogging --level=inforeboot%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@additional-devel@development@platform-develbash-completionchronydos2unixkexec-toolslrzszsysstattreevimwgetgitnet-tools%end%postsystemctl disable postfix.service%end[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile list  #查看当前启动项，使用的配置文件  CentOS-7.6-x86_64

修改 name 是 CentOS-7.6-x86_64 的 kickstart 文件为 CentOS7.ks

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name CentOS-7.6-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.ks[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler report | grep KickstartKickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.6-x86_64'}Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.ksKickstart Metadata             : {}

通过给内核传参数，修改网卡名称为 eth0

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name CentOS-7.6-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'

配置文件内容如下：

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# vim CentOS7.ks #查看配置文件中的，默认就可以，不需要修改# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7 by clsnInstall                 #安装系统url --url=$tree      #url 地址为 Cobbler 内置变量text                    #文本方式安装，修改为图形界面则为 Graphicallang en_US.UTF-8 #语言keyboard us         #键盘zerombr              #该参数用于清除引导信息，需要让其生效可以在参数后添加 yes 即可。可选项，一般不用。bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"#指定引导装载程序怎样被安装.对于安装和升级,这个选项都是必需的.#Network information$SNIPPET('network_config') #该参数表示使用下方%pre 中的脚本来配置网络，相关脚本存放于/var/lib/cobbler/snippets#如果不需要脚本配置可启用以下配置#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6--hostname=CentOS7timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai #时区authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 #加密 shadowrootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted #设置 root 密码clearpart --all --initlabel #--all 初除所有分区，后者将磁盘标签初始化为缺省值设置。part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024 #boot分区大小part swap --size 1024 #swap分区大小part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow #根分区大小firstboot --disable #决定是否在系统第一次引导时启动"设置代理"，禁用。selinux --disabled #在系统里设置 SELinux 状态firewall --disabled #在系统狸设置而防火墙状态logging --level=info #这个命令控制安装过程中anaconda的错误日志，它对安装好的系统没有影响。reboot #安装后重启%pre #pre 中定了前面使用的具体脚本名称。$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages #自定义安装内容，这里可以可以自行生成 ks 文件然后把对应的配置复制到这里。当前配置为最小化安装，以及安装系统常用工具。@additional-devel@development@platform-develbash-completionchronydos2unixkexec-toolslrzszsysstattreevimwgetgitnet-tools%end%post #安装后执行操作，可以执行脚本也可以直接执行命令。systemctl disable postfix.service%end

定制 Cobbler 引导菜单（名称、超时时间、默认启动菜单）

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.templateDEFAULT menuPROMPT 0MENU TITLE Jaking #菜单名称TIMEOUT 100 #超时时间TOTALTIMEOUT 6000ONTIMEOUT $pxe_timeout_profileLABEL local       MENU LABEL (local)       MENU DEFAULT       LOCALBOOT -1       $pxe_menu_items   #该变量是我自定义的引导菜单，复制到 LABEL local 配置项上方，否则默认启动还是 local。MENU end

同步 Cobbler 配置

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# systemctl restart cobblerd[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler synctask started: 2020-01-04_050537_synctask started (id=Sync, time=Sat Jan  4 05:05:37 2020)running pre-sync triggerscleaning treesremoving: /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/defaultremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/imagesremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efiremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efiremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefaultremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_listcopying bootloaderstrying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efitrying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.eficopying distros to tftpbootcopying files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/vmlinuztrying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/initrd.imgcopying imagesgenerating PXE configuration filesgenerating PXE menu structurecopying files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/vmlinuztrying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/initrd.imgWriting template files for CentOS-7.6-x86_64rendering DHCP filesgenerating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.confrendering TFTPD filesgenerating /etc/xinetd.d/tftpprocessing boot_files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64cleaning link cachesrunning post-sync triggersrunning python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_servicesrunning: dhcpd -t -qreceived on stdout:received on stderr:running: service dhcpd restartreceived on stdout:received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.servicerunning shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*running python trigger cobbler.modules.manage_gendersrunning python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_trackrunning shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/**** TASK COMPLETE ***

新建虚拟机进行测试。

注意：内存要足够大，网络模式要和 Cobbler 服务端的网络模式一致。

创建过程省略，直接来到开机启动界面：

可以看到，需要安装 1262 个包，不再是原来的最小化安装了。

安装成功后，默认启动命令行模式 输入 root 123456 登录系统：

设置默认启动模式为图形化模式 graphical.target

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-defaultmulti-user.target[root@localhost ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.targetRemoved symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default                graphical.target[root@localhost ~]# reboot

不能正常启动图形化模式

解决方法

安装图形化软件

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y xorg* gnome* glx*

切换到图形化模式

[root@localhost ~]# init 5