怎么理解Python的控制结构
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01 for循环
for循环是Python的一种最基本的控制结构。使用for循环的一种常见模式是使用range函数生成数值范围,然后对其进行迭代。
res = range(3) print(list(res)) #输出:[0, 1, 2]
for i in range(3): print(i) '''输出: 0 1 2 '''
for循环列表
使用for循环的另一种常见模式是对列表进行迭代。
martial_arts = ["Sambo","Muay Thai","BJJ"] for martial_art in martial_arts: print(f"{ martial_art} has influenced\ modern mixed martial arts") '''输出: Sambo has influenced modern mixed martial arts Muay Thai has influenced modern mixed martial arts BJJ has influenced modern mixed martial arts '''
02 while循环
while循环是一种条件有效就会重复执行的循环方式。while循环的常见用途是创建无限循环。在本示例中,while循环用于过滤函数,该函数返回两种攻击类型中的一种。
def attacks(): list_of_attacks = ["lower_body", "lower_body", "upper_body"] print("There are a total of {lenlist_of_attacks)}\ attacks coming!") for attack in list_of_ attacks: yield attack attack = attacks() count = 0 while next(attack) == "lower_body": count +=1 print(f"crossing legs to prevent attack #{count}") else: count += 1 print(f"This is not lower body attack, \ I will cross my arms for# count}") '''输出: There are a total of 3 attacks coming! crossing legs to prevent attack #1 crossing legs to prevent attack #2 This is not a lower body attack, I will cross my arms for #3 '''
03 if/else语句
if/else语句是一条在判断之间进行分支的常见语句。在本示例中,if/elif用于匹配分支。如果没有匹配项,则执行最后一条else语句。
def recommended_attack(position): """Recommends an attack based on the position""" if position == "full_guard": print(f"Try an armbar attack") elif position == "half_guard": print(f"Try a kimura attack") elif position == "fu1l_mount": print(f"Try an arm triangle") else: print(f"You're on your own, \ there is no suggestion for an attack")
recommended_attack("full_guard")#输出:Try an armbar attack
recommended_attack("z_guard") #输出:You're on your own, there is no suggestion for an attack
04 生成器表达式
生成器表达式建立在yield语句的概念上,它允许对序列进行惰性求值。生成器表达式的益处是,在实际求值计算前不会对任何内容进行求值或将其放入内存。这就是下面的示例可以在生成的无限随机攻击序列中执行的原因。
在生成器管道中,诸如 "arm_triangle"的小写攻击被转换为"ARM_TRIANGLE",接下来删除其中的下划线,得到"ARM TRIANGLE"。
def lazy_return_random_attacks(): """Yield attacks each time""" import random attacks = {"kimura": "upper_body", "straight_ankle_lock": "lower_body", "arm_triangle": "upper_body", "keylock": "upper_body", "knee_bar": "lower_body"} while True: random_attack random.choices(list(attacks.keys())) yield random attack #Make all attacks appear as Upper Case upper_case_attacks = \ (attack.pop().upper() for attack in \ lazy_return_random_attacks())
next(upper-case_attacks) #输出:ARM-TRIANGLE
## Generator Pipeline: One expression chains into the next #Make all attacks appear as Upper Case upper-case_attacks =\ (attack. pop().upper() for attack in\ lazy_return_random_attacks()) #remove the underscore remove underscore =\ (attack.split("_")for attack in\ upper-case_attacks) #create a new phrase new_attack_phrase =\ (" ".join(phrase) for phrase in\ remove_underscore)
next(new_attack_phrase) #输出:'STRAIGHT ANKLE LOCK'
for number in range(10): print(next(new_attack_phrase)) '''输出: KIMURA KEYLOCK STRAIGHT ANKLE LOCK '''
05 列表推导式
语法上列表推导式与生成器表达式类似,然而直接对比它们,会发现列表推导式是在内存中求值。此外,列表推导式是优化的C代码,可以认为这是对传统for循环的重大改进。
martial_arts = ["Sambo", "Muay Thai", "BJJ"] new_phrases [f"mixed Martial Arts is influenced by \ (martial_art)" for martial_art in martial_arts]
print(new_phrases) ['Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by Sambo', \ 'Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by Muay Thai', \ 'Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by BJJ']
06 中级主题
有了这些基础知识后,重要的是不仅要了解如何创建代码,还要了解如何创建可维护的代码。创建可维护代码的一种方法是创建一个库,另一种方法是使用已经安装的第三方库编写的代码。其总体思想是最小化和分解复杂性。
使用Python编写库
使用Python编写库非常重要,之后将该库导入项目无须很长时间。下面这些示例是编写库的基础知识:在存储库中有一个名为funclib的文件夹,其中有一个_init_ .py文件。要创建库,在该目录中需要有一个包含函数的模块。
首先创建一个文件。
touch funclib/funcmod.py
然后在该文件中创建一个函数。
"""This is a simple module""" def list_of_belts_in_bjj(): """Returns a list of the belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu""" belts= ["white", "blue", "purple", "brown", "black"] return belts
import sys;sys.path.append("..") from funclib import funcmod funcmod.list_of_belts_in-bjj() #输出:['white', 'blue', 'purple', 'brown', 'black']
导入库
如果库是上面的目录,则可以用Jupyter添加sys.path.append方法来将库导入。接下来,使用前面创建的文件夹/文件名/函数名的命名空间导入模块。
安装第三方库
可使用pip install命令安装第三方库。请注意,conda命令(
https://conda.io/docs/user-guide/tasks/manage-pkgs.html)是pip命令的可选替代命令。如果使用conda命令,那么pip命令也会工作得很好,因为pip是virtualenv虚拟环境的替代品,但它也能直接安装软件包。
安装pandas包。
pip install pandas
另外,还可使用requirements.txt文件安装包。
> ca requirements.txt pylint pytest pytest-cov click jupyter nbval > pip install -r requirements.txt
下面是在Jupyter Notebook中使用小型库的示例。值得指出的是,在Jupyter Notebook中创建程序代码组成的巨型蜘蛛网很容易,而且非常简单的解决方法就是创建一些库,然后测试并导入这些库。
"""This is a simple module""" import pandas as pd def list_of_belts_in_bjj(): """Returns a list of the belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu""" belts = ["white", "blue", "purple", "brown", "black"] return belts def count_belts(): """Uses Pandas to count number of belts""" belts = list_of_belts_in_bjj() df = pd.Dataframe(belts) res = df.count() count = res.values.tolist()[0] return count
from funclib.funcmod import count_belts
print(count_belts()) #输出:5
类
可在Jupyter Notebook中重复使用类并与类进行交互。最简单的类类型就是一个名称,类的定义形式如下。
class Competitor: pass
该类可实例化为多个对象。
class Competitor: pass
conor = Competitor() conor.name = "Conor McGregor" conor.age = 29 conor.weight = 155
nate = Competitor() nate.name = "Nate Diaz" nate.age = 30 nate.weight = 170
def print_competitor _age(object): """Print out age statistics about a competitor""" print(f"{object.name} is {object.age} years old")
print_competitor_age(nate) #输出:Nate Diaz is 30 years old
print_competitor_age(conor) #输出:Conor McGregor is 29 years old
类和函数的区别
类和函数的主要区别包括:
函数更容易解释。
函数(典型情况下)只在函数内部具有状态,而类在函数外部保持不变的状态。
类能以复杂性为代价提供更高级别的抽象。
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