rsync基本使用方法有哪些

rsync是可以实现增量备份的工具。配合任务计划，rsync能实现定时或间隔同步，配合inotify或sersync，可以实现触发式的实时同步。

一、rsync命令的用法：

基本格式：rsync [选项] 原始位置 目标位置 常用选项：

-a 归档模式，递归并保留对象属性，等同于 -rlptgoD

-v 显示同步过程的详细(verbose)信息

-z 在传输文件时进行压缩(compress)

-H 保留硬链接文件

-A 保留ACL属性 –delete 删除目标位置有而原始位置没有的文件

-r 递归模式，包含目录及子目录中所有文件

-l 对于软链接文件仍然复制为软链接文件

-p 保留文件的权限标记

-t 保留文件的时间标记

-g 保留文件的属组标记（仅超级用户使用）

-o 保留文件的属主标记（仅超级用户使用）

-D 保留设备文件及其他特殊文件

二、配置rsync

在配置rsync前，先来做个小测试：

服务端

#在服务端网站首页写入一些内容[root@localhost Desktop]# cd /var/www/html[root@localhost html]# vim index.html[root@localhost html]# cat index.htmlHello World!Hello Jaking![root@localhost html]# ifconfigeth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:BE:68:3F           inet addr:192.168.142.132  Bcast:192.168.142.255  Mask:255.255.255.0         inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:febe:683f/64 Scope:Link         UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1         RX packets:580 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0         TX packets:390 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0         collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000         RX bytes:57739 (56.3 KiB)  TX bytes:41856 (40.8 KiB)lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0         inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host         UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1         RX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0         TX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0         collisions:0 txqueuelen:0         RX bytes:960 (960.0 b)  TX bytes:960 (960.0 b)[root@localhost rsync]# service httpd restartStopping httpd:                                            [  OK  ]Starting httpd: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain for ServerName                                                          [  OK  ]

客户端

#客户端能成功访问服务端网站首页的内容[root@localhost Desktop]# curl 192.168.142.132Hello World!Hello Jaking!

刚刚的小测试其实是基于SSH实现的，rsync有两种同步源，一种是基于SSH的同步源，另一种是基于rsync的同步源。

三、基于SSH的同步源

设置ACL权限：setfacl -m user:用户名:rwx /服务器目录 下行同步：rsync -avz 用户名@服务器地址：/服务器目录 /本地目录 上行同步：rsync -avz /本地目录 用户名@服务器地址：/服务器目录

为确保服务端的数据能同步到客户端，接下来，我先从SSH的同步源开始配置： 在配置前，分别在服务端和客户端上执行yum install -y rsync，确保rsync已安装。

1.在服务端授权一个用户，也就是创建一个用户：

[root@localhost html]# useradd server[root@localhost html]# passwd serverChanging password for user server.New password:BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 charactersRetype new password:passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

2.在客户端创建ssh目录，同步服务端数据：

[root@localhost Desktop]# mkdir /client[root@localhost Desktop]# cd /client/[root@localhost client]# mkdir ssh[root@localhost client]# rsync -avz server@192.168.142.132:/var/www/html/* /client/sshserver@192.168.142.132's password:receiving incremental file listindex.htmlsent 68 bytes  received 219 bytes  114.80 bytes/sectotal size is 27  speedup is 0.0930 bytes  received 104 bytes  15.76 bytes/sectotal size is 27  speedup is 0.20[root@localhost client]# cd ssh[root@localhost ssh]# lsindex.html[root@localhost ssh]# cat index.htmlHello World!Hello Jaking!#客户端已成功同步服务端数据

3.刚刚的同步是下行同步，即从服务器端把数据同步到客户端。接下来我将演示一遍上行同步，即把客户端的数据同步到服务端：

#在客户端创建新文件，准备同步到服务端。[root@localhost ssh]# touch a.txt b.txt[root@localhost ssh]# lsa.txt  b.txt  index.html[root@localhost ssh]# rsync -avz /client/ssh/* server@192.168.142.132:/var/www/htmlserver@192.168.142.132's password:sending incremental file lista.txtb.txtrsync: mkstemp "/var/www/html/.a.txt.6JDDzO" failed: Permission denied (13)rsync: mkstemp "/var/www/html/.b.txt.p7hCLz" failed: Permission denied (13)sent 131 bytes  received 50 bytes  40.22 bytes/sectotal size is 27  speedup is 0.15rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1052) [sender=3.0.9]#同步失败，从报错结果可以server用户权限不足，server用户对/var/www/html目录没有写权限。

4.在服务端设置比较安全的ACL权限：

[root@localhost html]# setfacl -m user:server:rwx /var/www/html

5.再次在客户端执行上行同步操作：

[root@localhost ssh]# rsync -avz /client/ssh/* server@192.168.142.132:/var/www/htmlserver@192.168.142.132's password:sending incremental file lista.txtb.txtsent 131 bytes  received 50 bytes  51.71 bytes/sectotal size is 27  speedup is 0.15#由同步的过程可以看出，index.html没有被上传，由此可知rsync使用的同步机制是增量备份的机制。

在服务端查看：

[root@localhost html]# lsa.txt  b.txt  index.html#客户端数据已成功同步到服务端

四、基于rsync的同步源

/etc/rsyncd_users.db文件权限必须是600 做上行同步时，nobody需要有写入权限。 rsync -avz 用户名@服务器地址::共享模块名 /本地目录 rsync -avz rsync://用户名@服务器地址/共享模块名 /本地目录

使用SSH的同步源需要创建用户，对于服务器来说，存在过多的用户不是一件好事。而用基于rsync的同步源则不需要创建用户，指定的用户只需写在配置文件里即可，这样的用户是虚拟用户。

1.修改配置文件：

服务端

[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/rsyncd.conf#若配置文件不存在则直接创建[root@localhost html]# cat /etc/rsyncd.confaddress = 192.168.142.132port 873pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pidlog file = /var/log/rsyncd.log[share]   comment = soft   path = /server/rsync   read only = yes   dont compress = *.gz *.bz2 *.zip   auth users = wang   secrets file = /etc/rsyncd_users.db[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/rsyncd_users.db[root@localhost html]# cat /etc/rsyncd_users.dbwang:123456 #rsync不支持复杂密码，尽量设简单一点。[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync[root@localhost html]# cat /etc/xinetd.d/rsync# default: off# description: The rsync server is a good addition to an ftp server, as it \#   allows crc checksumming etc.service rsync{   disable = yes   flags       = IPv6   socket_type     = stream   wait            = no   user            = root   server          = /usr/bin/rsync   server_args     = --daemon   log_on_failure  += USERID}[root@localhost html]# rsync --daemon #启动rsync[root@localhost html]# netstat -pantu | grep 873tcp        0      0 192.168.142.132:873     0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      6779/rsync          [root@localhost html]# mkdir -p /server/rsync[root@localhost html]# cd !$cd /server/rsync[root@localhost rsync]# touch rsync.txt[root@localhost rsync]# lsrsync.txt[root@localhost rsync]# chmod 600 /etc/rsyncd_users.db #一定要给密码文件赋予600权限，否则同步数据将出错！

2.执行同步操作：

客户端

[root@localhost rsync]# rsync -avz wang@192.168.142.132::share /client/rsyncPassword:receiving incremental file list./rsync.txtsent 77 bytes  received 151 bytes  50.67 bytes/sectotal size is 0  speedup is 0.00[root@localhost rsync]# lsrsync.txt#数据同步成功[root@localhost rsync]# pwd/client/rsync

下行同步已完成，接下来我将演示上行同步：

服务端

#在执行上行同步前一定要修改模块权限和ACL权限[root@localhost rsync]# vim /etc/rsyncd.conf[root@localhost rsync]# cat /etc/rsyncd.confaddress = 192.168.142.132port 873pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pidlog file = /var/log/rsyncd.log[share]   comment = soft   path = /server/rsync   read only = no #这里一定要改为no   dont compress = *.gz *.bz2 *.zip   auth users = wang   secrets file = /etc/rsyncd_users.db[root@localhost rsync]# setfacl -m u:nobody:rwx /srver/rsync #设置ACL权限[root@localhost rsync]# pkill rsync #关闭rsync[root@localhost rsync]# rsync --daemon #启动rsync

客户端

[root@localhost rsync]# touch client.txt[root@localhost rsync]# rsync -avz /client/rsync/* wang@192.168.142.132::sharePassword:sending incremental file listclient.txtsent 85 bytes  received 27 bytes  32.00 bytes/sectotal size is 0  speedup is 0.00#上行同步成功

在服务端查看：

[root@localhost rsync]# lsclient.txt  rsync.txt[root@localhost rsync]# pwd/server/rsync

3.上行同步的另一种格式：

客户端

[root@localhost rsync]# lsclient.txt  rsync.txt[root@localhost rsync]# touch test.txt[root@localhost rsync]# rsync -avz /client/rsync/* rsync://wang@192.168.142.132/sharePassword:sending incremental file listtest.txtsent 102 bytes  received 27 bytes  28.67 bytes/sectotal size is 0  speedup is 0.00

服务端

[root@localhost rsync]# lsclient.txt  rsync.txt  test.txt

五、配置免密码验证

1、基于SSH的同步源

通过秘钥对实现 客户端

[root@localhost ssh]# pwd/client/ssh[root@localhost ssh]# lsa.txt  b.txt  index.html[root@localhost ssh]# rm -rf *[root@localhost ssh]# ssh-keygenGenerating public/private rsa key pair.Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):Enter same passphrase again:Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.The key fingerprint is:3d:fe:c8:0e:2c:b7:90:b0:f4:0d:31:af:b4:d3:9e:87 root@localhost.localdomainThe key's randomart image is:+--[ RSA 2048]----+|                 ||                 ||      o          ||       + .       ||    o o S o      ||   . = O . .     ||    . O *..      ||       *E=.o     ||        +o+ .    |+-----------------+[root@localhost ssh]#[root@localhost ssh]# ssh-copy-id server@192.168.142.132server@192.168.142.132's password:Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'server@192.168.142.132'", and check in: .ssh/authorized_keysto make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting.[root@localhost ssh]# id server #server用户在服务端id: server: No such user[root@localhost ssh]# ssh server@192.168.142.132[server@localhost ~]$ ifconfig#成功登录服务端eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:BE:68:3F           inet addr:192.168.142.132  Bcast:192.168.142.255  Mask:255.255.255.0         inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:febe:683f/64 Scope:Link         UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1         RX packets:935 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0         TX packets:660 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0         collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000         RX bytes:112043 (109.4 KiB)  TX bytes:89842 (87.7 KiB)lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0         inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host         UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1         RX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0         TX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0         collisions:0 txqueuelen:0         RX bytes:960 (960.0 b)  TX bytes:960 (960.0 b)[server@localhost ~]$ exitlogoutConnection to 192.168.142.132 closed.[root@localhost ssh]# ls[root@localhost ssh]# pwd/client/ssh[root@localhost ssh]# rsync -avz server@192.168.142.132:/var/www/html/* /client/ssh/receiving incremental file lista.txtb.txtindex.html#现在执行同步操作不需要输入密码sent 68 bytes  received 219 bytes  191.33 bytes/sectotal size is 27  speedup is 0.09[root@localhost ssh]# lsa.txt  b.txt  index.html#被删除的文件又从服务端同步过来了

2、基于rsync的同步源

通过系统变量实现 RSYNC_PASSWORD 客户端

[root@localhost client]# cd rsync/[root@localhost rsync]# lsclient.txt  rsync.txt  test.txt[root@localhost rsync]# rm -rf *[root@localhost rsync]# export RSYNC_PASSWORD=123456 #123456为虚拟用户wang的密码[root@localhost rsync]# rsync -avz wang@192.168.142.132::share /client/rsyncreceiving incremental file list./client.txtrsync.txttest.txt#现在执行同步操作不需要输入密码sent 115 bytes  received 265 bytes  760.00 bytes/sectotal size is 0  speedup is 0.00[root@localhost rsync]# lsclient.txt  rsync.txt  test.txt#被删除的文件又从服务端同步过来了