自动化运维之saltstack（二）states介绍及使用

一、什么是Salt States？

Salt States是Salt模块的扩展，主系统使用的状态系统叫SLS系统，SLS代表Saltstack State，Salt是一些状态文件，其中包含有关如何配置Salt子节点的信息，这些状态被存放在一个目录下，可以用很多不同的格式来书写，我们可以把这些Salt States当做是对minion的管理脚本的配置模式，通过配置SLS文件，指定目标minions，可以实现在master上对minions的运行状态进行管理。

二、Salt State树

跟系统文件一样，salt state文件也有自己的树系统，这通过配置文件中的file_roots配置，默认配置如下：

#在/etc/salt/master中配置下面选项，指定salt state的根目录在/srv/salt

[root@server01 salt]# grep -A3 file_roots: /etc/salt/master# file_roots:#   base:#     - /srv/salt/#   dev:--file_roots:  base:    - /srv/salt[root@server01 salt]#

修改master配置文件后要重启，使得配置文件生效

[root@server01 salt]# systemctl restart salt-master.service

Salt State的top文件

top.sls文件是SaltState的默认sls文件，再未作特别指定的时候，salt会默认调用top.sls来执行。例如

salt '*' state.highstate

top.sls文件需要手动创建，位置则是在Salt State树定义的目录/srv/salt下：

创建一个top.sls文件

[root@server01 salt]# vim top.sls # 添加内容如下，注意sls文件是用两个空格来作为缩进# base 匹配状态数的base目录，即/srv/salt# '*' 表示匹配所有的minions，即所有认证通过的客户端#  - webserver：表示执行base目录下webserver.sls状态文件或是webserver/init.sls文件base:  '*':    - webserver

例如：创建一个Salt State文件

上面的top.sls文件中定义了一个webserver文件，下面来添加一个webserver文件

在文件/srv/salt/webserver.sls文件中添加如下内容

# Apache：ID声明，跟yum install Apache指定的名称一样

# pkg： 状态声明，说明下面的操作是什么状态操作

# - installed：函数声明，说明该sls文件要指定执行操作的函数

[root@server01 salt]# vim webserver.slshttpd:  pkg:    - installed[root@server01 salt]#

执行我们定义的Salt State文件，更新所有的minion的状态

[root@server01 salt]# salt '*' state.highstateserver02:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 02:56:15.414698    Duration: 1114.898 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1server03:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 02:56:15.448065    Duration: 1129.985 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

说明：根据上面top.sls以及webserver.sls的内容，所有的minion都会安装Apache服务，如果在top.sls中修改minion的匹配，则仅会匹配到的minion进行操作。当然也可以特别指定sls文件来执行，这里用sls文件为state.sls

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' state.sls webserverserver02:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 02:58:59.038307    Duration: 885.997 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

#开启debug日志（minion端执行）

[root@server02 ~]# salt-minion -l debug

#设置默认超时（服务端执行）

[root@server01 salt]# salt '*' state.highstate -t 60

[root@server01 salt]# salt '*' state.highstate -t 60server03:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 03:03:24.248749    Duration: 900.103 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1server02:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 03:03:30.229662    Duration: 966.72 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

三、实战操作

经过上面的简单介绍，下面来演示一下文件分发和软件安装

1、分发/etc/hosts文件

1）准备sls文件

[root@server01 salt]# pwd/srv/salt[root@server01 salt]# cat hosts.sls/etc/hosts:  file.managed:    - source:  salt://testfiles/hosts    - user:  root    - group:  root    - mode:  644[root@server01 salt]#[root@server01 salt]# cat  top.slsbase:  '*':    - webserver    - hosts[root@server01 salt]#[root@server01 salt]# mkdir testfiles[root@server01 salt]# cp /etc/hosts testfiles/[root@server01 salt]# lltotal 12-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 120 Jun 12 21:21 hosts.slsdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root  19 Jun 13 03:08 testfiles-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  41 Jun 13 03:07 top.sls-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  30 Jun 13 02:56 webserver.sls[root@server01 salt]# tree.├── hosts.sls├── testfiles│   └── hosts├── top.sls└── webserver.sls1 directory, 4 files[root@server01 salt]#

a、使用state.highstate调用

注意：使用state.highstate调用的前提是存在top.sls文件，因此需要提前写好top.sls文件。

[root@server01 salt]# salt '*' state.highstateserver03:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 03:11:08.018494    Duration: 937.237 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: /etc/hosts    Function: file.managed      Result: True     Comment: File /etc/hosts is in the correct state     Started: 03:11:08.984360    Duration: 5.308 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 2Failed:    0------------Total states run:     2server02:----------          ID: httpd    Function: pkg.installed      Result: True     Comment: Package httpd is already installed.     Started: 03:11:14.019185    Duration: 905.721 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: /etc/hosts    Function: file.managed      Result: True     Comment: File /etc/hosts is in the correct state     Started: 03:11:14.927716    Duration: 4.522 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 2Failed:    0------------Total states run:     2[root@server01 salt]#

b、使用state.sls调用

[root@server01 salt]# salt '*' state.sls hostsserver03:----------          ID: /etc/hosts    Function: file.managed      Result: True     Comment: File /etc/hosts is in the correct state     Started: 03:12:05.888857    Duration: 17.182 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1server02:----------          ID: /etc/hosts    Function: file.managed      Result: True     Comment: File /etc/hosts is in the correct state     Started: 03:12:05.903366    Duration: 16.217 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

2、安装软件包

1）准备sls文件

[root@server01 salt]# vim package.slspkg-install:  pkg.installed:    - names:      - gcc      - lrzsz      - tree      - dos2unix[root@server01 salt]# [root@server01 salt]# vim top.slsbase:  'server02':    - package[root@server01 salt]#

a、使用state.highstate调用

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' state.highstateserver02:----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: gcc      Result: True     Comment: Package gcc is already installed.     Started: 03:16:42.645005    Duration: 888.648 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: tree      Result: True     Comment: Package tree is already installed.     Started: 03:16:43.533802    Duration: 0.405 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: dos2unix      Result: True     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: dos2unix     Started: 03:16:43.534278    Duration: 188849.681 ms     Changes:                 ----------              dos2unix:                  ----------                  new:                      6.0.3-4.el7                  old:----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: lrzsz      Result: True     Comment: Package lrzsz is already installed.     Started: 03:19:52.435148    Duration: 0.436 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 4 (changed=1)Failed:    0------------Total states run:     4[root@server01 salt]#

b、使用state.sls调用

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' state.sls packageserver02:----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: gcc      Result: True     Comment: Package gcc is already installed.     Started: 03:23:31.945630    Duration: 849.86 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: tree      Result: True     Comment: Package tree is already installed.     Started: 03:23:32.795666    Duration: 0.58 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: dos2unix      Result: True     Comment: Package dos2unix is already installed.     Started: 03:23:32.796341    Duration: 0.328 ms     Changes:   ----------          ID: pkg-install    Function: pkg.installed        Name: lrzsz      Result: True     Comment: Package lrzsz is already installed.     Started: 03:23:32.796745    Duration: 0.359 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 4Failed:    0------------Total states run:     4[root@server01 salt]#

其他日常使用方法

3、管理定时任务

1）准备sls文件（添加定时任务）

[root@server01 salt]# vim  cron.sls/usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1:  cron.present:    - identifier: SUPERCRON    - user: root    - minute: '0'[root@server01 salt]#

2）使用state.sls调用

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' state.sls cronserver02:----------          ID: /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1    Function: cron.present      Result: True     Comment: Cron /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1 already present     Started: 03:41:04.035604    Duration: 10.506 ms     Changes:   Summary------------Succeeded: 1Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

#检查执行结果

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' cron.raw_cron rootserver02:    # Lines below here are managed by Salt, do not edit    # SALT_CRON_IDENTIFIER:SUPERCRON    0 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1[root@server01 salt]#

3）准备sls文件（删除定时任务）

[root@server01 salt]# vim  cron.sls /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1:  cron.absent:    - identifier: SUPERCRON    - user: root    - minute: '0'[root@server01 salt]# cat top.slsbase:  'server02':    - cron[root@server01 salt]#

4）使用state.highstate调用

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' state.highstateserver02:----------          ID: /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1    Function: cron.absent      Result: True     Comment: Cron /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1 removed from root's crontab     Started: 03:45:13.267202    Duration: 26.493 ms     Changes:                 ----------              root:                  /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 64.147.116.229 time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1Summary------------Succeeded: 1 (changed=1)Failed:    0------------Total states run:     1[root@server01 salt]#

#检查执行结果

[root@server01 salt]# salt 'server02' cron.raw_cron rootserver02:    # Lines below here are managed by Salt, do not edit[root@server01 salt]#