Oracle12C新特性有哪些
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1、只读分区或子分区
在Oracle12.2数据库中可以将表,分区和子分区设置为只读状态,以保护数据免受任何用户或触发器的无意DML操作。
只读子句的值可以是READ ONLY或READ WRITE。READ WRITE是默认值。除非为分区或子分区显式设置了只读子句,否则只读子句的更高级别设置将应用于分区和子分区!
例子:创建具有只读和读写分区的表:orders_read_write_only
以下是创建具有只读和读写状态的复合范围列表分区表的示例。将orders_read_write_only被明确指定为READ WRITE,所以表的默认属性是读写。partition的默认属性order_p1被指定为只读,因此子分区ord_p1_northwest和order_p1_southwest从分区继承只读状态order_p1。子分区ord_p2_southwest和order_p3_northwest显式指定为只读,覆盖默认读写状态。
CREATE TABLE orders_read_write_only ( order_id NUMBER (12), order_date DATE CONSTRAINT order_date_nn NOT NULL, state VARCHAR2(2) ) READ WRITE PARTITION BY RANGE (order_date) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (state) ( PARTITION order_p1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE ('01-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')) READ ONLY ( SUBPARTITION order_p1_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION order_p1_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM')), PARTITION order_p2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE ('01-MAR-2016','DD-MON-YYYY')) ( SUBPARTITION order_p2_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION order_p2_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM') READ ONLY), PARTITION order_p3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE ('01-JUL-2016','DD-MON-YYYY')) (SUBPARTITION order_p3_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA') READ ONLY, SUBPARTITION order_p3_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM')) );
--检查分区和子分区的状态:
SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, READ_ONLY FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME ='ORDERS_READ_WRITE_ONLY';PARTITION_NAME READ------------------------- ----ORDER_P1 YES ---只读状态ORDER_P2 NONEORDER_P3 NONESQL> set linesize 300SQL> col PARTITION_NAME for a25SQL> col SUBPARTITION_NAME for a25SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, SUBPARTITION_NAME, READ_ONLY FROM USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME ='ORDERS_READ_WRITE_ONLY';PARTITION_NAME SUBPARTITION_NAME REA------------------------- ------------------------- ---ORDER_P1 ORDER_P1_NORTHWEST YESORDER_P1 ORDER_P1_SOUTHWEST YESORDER_P2 ORDER_P2_NORTHWEST NO ORDER_P2 ORDER_P2_SOUTHWEST YESORDER_P3 ORDER_P3_NORTHWEST YESORDER_P3 ORDER_P3_SOUTHWEST NO6 rows selected.
(从上面可以看出,如果单独设置子分区为只读状态 会覆盖分区的读写属性,也就是说对一个分区的子分区进行设置只读状态 不会影响这个分区下的其他子分区的属性!)
--:分区的属性可以通过modify语句进行在线修改。
SQL> alter table ORDERS_READ_WRITE_ONLY modify partition ORDER_P1 read write;
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2、创建 外部表分区:
在12.2中,Oracle还支持外部表分区,类似如下的语法展示了这一特性的用途,对于一个统一的外部表,可以通过分区指向不同的外部文件,不同文件可以用于存储已经分类的数据,从而更加灵活的使用外部表:
例子:
SQL> Create directory load_d1 as '/home/oracle';CREATE TABLE sales (loc_id number, prod_id number, cust_id number, amount_sold number, quantity_sold number) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL (TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTORY load_d1 ACCESS PARAMETERS ( RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE CHARACTERSET US7ASCII NOBADFILE LOGFILE log_dir:'sales.log' FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," ) ) REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED PARTITION BY RANGE (loc_id) (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1000) LOCATION ('california.txt'), PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) DEFAULT DIRECTORY load_d2 LOCATION ('washington.txt'), PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (3000));
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3、列表分区:
创建列表分区的语义与创建范围分区的语义非常相似。从Oracle12.2开始可以创建多列列表分区。
例子:创建列表分区
CREATE TABLE q1_sales_by_region (deptno number, deptname varchar2(20), quarterly_sales number(10, 2), state varchar2(2)) PARTITION BY LIST (state) (PARTITION q1_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), PARTITION q1_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), PARTITION q1_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), PARTITION q1_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), PARTITION q1_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), PARTITION q1_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX'));
3.1、、使用默认分区创建列表分区:(指定默认分区就是将不符合的行都插入到默认分区中)
与范围分区不同,使用列表分区,分区之间没有明显的顺序感。
您还可以指定一个默认分区,将未映射到任何其他分区的行映射到该分区。如果在前面的示例中指定了默认分区,则状态CA将映射到该分区。
例子:使用默认分区创建列表分区表
CREATE TABLE sales_by_region (item# INTEGER, qty INTEGER, store_name VARCHAR(30), state_code VARCHAR(2),sale_date DATE) STORAGE(INITIAL 10K NEXT 20K) TABLESPACE tbs5 PARTITION BY LIST (state_code) (PARTITION region_east VALUES ('MA','NY','CT','NH','ME','MD','VA','PA','NJ') STORAGE (INITIAL 8M) TABLESPACE tbs8, PARTITION region_west VALUES ('CA','AZ','NM','OR','WA','UT','NV','CO') NOLOGGING, PARTITION region_south VALUES ('TX','KY','TN','LA','MS','AR','AL','GA'), PARTITION region_central VALUES ('OH','ND','SD','MO','IL','MI','IA'), PARTITION region_null VALUES (NULL), PARTITION region_unknown VALUES (DEFAULT));
3.2、创建自动列表分区:
自动列表分区方法允许按需创建列表分区。
自动列表分区表类似于常规列表分区表,但该分区表更易于管理。您可以仅使用已知的分区键值创建自动列表分区表。当数据加载到表中时,如果加载的分区键值与任何现有分区不对应,则数据库会自动创建新分区。由于分区是按需自动创建的,因此自动列表分区方法在概念上与现有的间隔分区方法类似。
注意:
①:除非您可以调整数据,否则对值非常频繁更改的数据类型的自动列表分区不太适合此方法。
②:自动列表分区表在创建时必须至少有一个分区。由于为新的和未知的分区键值自动创建了新分区,因此自动列表分区不能具有DEFAULT分区。
例子:
CREATE TABLE sales_auto_list( salesman_id NUMBER(5), salesman_name VARCHAR2(30), sales_state VARCHAR2(20), sales_amount NUMBER(10), sales_date DATE) PARTITION BY LIST (sales_state) AUTOMATIC (PARTITION P_CAL VALUES ('CALIFORNIA'));
--查看列表分区是否为自动列表分区
SQL> col TABLE_NAME for a20SQL> col owner for a10SQL> set linesize 300SQL> select OWNER,TABLE_NAME,PARTITIONING_TYPE,AUTOLIST from dba_PART_TABLES where table_name=upper('sales_auto_list');OWNER TABLE_NAME PARTITION AUT---------- -------------------- --------- ---SYS SALES_AUTO_LIST LIST YES
3.3、创建多列列表分区:
与单列列表分区类似,各个分区可以包含包含值列表的集合。
语法:PARTITION BY LIST (column1,column2)
例子:创建多列列表分区
CREATE TABLE dba_by_db_in_yhem (dbalic NUMBER, username VARCHAR2(20), dbcat VARCHAR2(4), region VARCHAR2(10) ) PARTITION BY LIST (dbcat, region) ( PARTITION north_part VALUES (('ORCL','BEIJING'), ('ORCL','TIANJIN')), PARTITION south_part VALUES (('DB2','SHENZHEN'), ('DB2','GUANGZHOU')), PARTITION west_part VALUES (('SQL','CHENGDU'),('ORCL','CHENGDU'),('DB2','KUNMING')), PARTITION east_part VALUES ('ORCL','SHANGHAI'), PARTITION rest VALUES (DEFAULT) ); insert into dba_by_db_in_yhem values(1,'EYGLE','ORCL','BEIJING');insert into dba_by_db_in_yhem values(2,'KAMUS','ORCL','BEIJING');insert into dba_by_db_in_yhem values(3,'LAOXIONG','SQL','CHENGDU');insert into dba_by_db_in_yhem values(4,'ORA-600','DB2','GUANGZHOU');insert into dba_by_db_in_yhem values(5,'YANGTINGKUN','ALL','BEIJING');SQL> select * from dba_by_db_in_yhem partition (north_part); DBALIC USERNAME DBCA REGION---------- -------------------- ---- ---------- 1 EYGLE ORCL BEIJING 2 KAMUS ORCL BEIJINGSQL> select * from dba_by_db_in_yhem partition (south_part); DBALIC USERNAME DBCA REGION---------- -------------------- ---- ---------- 4 ORA-600 DB2 GUANGZHOU
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指定秘钥列的分区:
对于范围分区和散列分区表,最多可以指定16个分区键列。
1、按日期创建多列范围分区表
CREATE TABLE sales_demo ( year NUMBER, month NUMBER, day NUMBER, amount_sold NUMBER) PARTITION BY RANGE (year,month) (PARTITION before2001 VALUES LESS THAN (2001,1), PARTITION q1_2001 VALUES LESS THAN (2001,4), PARTITION q2_2001 VALUES LESS THAN (2001,7), PARTITION q3_2001 VALUES LESS THAN (2001,10), PARTITION q4_2001 VALUES LESS THAN (2002,1), PARTITION future VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE,0));INSERT INTO sales_demo VALUES(2000,12,12, 1000);INSERT INTO sales_demo VALUES(2001,3,17, 2000);INSERT INTO sales_demo VALUES(2001,11,1, 5000);INSERT INTO sales_demo VALUES(2002,1,1, 4000);
2、创建多列范围分区表(强制实施相等的分区)
CREATE TABLE supplier_parts ( supplier_id NUMBER, partnum NUMBER, price NUMBER)PARTITION BY RANGE (supplier_id, partnum) (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (10,100), PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (10,200), PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE,MAXVALUE));INSERT INTO supplier_parts VALUES(5,5,1000);INSERT INTO supplier_parts VALUES(5,150,1000);INSERT INTO supplier_parts VALUES(10,100,1000);--查看各分区的值:SQL> SELECT * FROM supplier_parts PARTITION (p1);SUPPLIER_ID PARTNUM PRICE----------- ---------- ---------- 5 5 1000 5 150 1000SQL> SELECT * FROM supplier_parts PARTITION (p2);SUPPLIER_ID PARTNUM PRICE----------- ---------- ---------- 10 100 1000
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